However, it is important to note that other forms of programmed cell death have been described and other forms of programmed cell death may yet be discovered ( Formigli et al., 2000 Sperandio et al., 2000 Debnath et al., 2005).Īpoptosis occurs normally during development and aging and as a homeostatic mechanism to maintain cell populations in tissues. Apoptosis has since been recognized and accepted as a distinctive and important mode of “programmed” cell death, which involves the genetically determined elimination of cells. In this organism 1090 somatic cells are generated in the formation of the adult worm, of which 131 of these cells undergo apoptosis or “programmed cell death.” These 131 cells die at particular points during the development process, which is essentially invariant between worms, demonstrating the remarkable accuracy and control in this system. Our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the process of apoptosis in mammalian cells transpired from the investigation of programmed cell death that occurs during the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ( Horvitz, 1999). The term apoptosis (a-po-toe-sis) was first used in a now-classic paper by Kerr, Wyllie, and Currie in 1972 to describe a morphologically distinct form of cell death, although certain components of the apoptosis concept had been explicitly described many years previously ( Kerr et al., 1972 Paweletz, 2001 Kerr, 2002). The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of apoptosis including morphology, biochemistry, the role of apoptosis in health and disease, detection methods, as well as a discussion of potential alternative forms of apoptosis.
Although many of the key apoptotic proteins have been identified, the molecular mechanisms of action or inaction of these proteins remain to be elucidated. To that end, the field of apoptosis research has been moving forward at an alarmingly rapid rate. Therefore, research continues to focus on the elucidation and analysis of the cell cycle machinery and signaling pathways that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The ability to modulate the life or death of a cell is recognized for its immense therapeutic potential. Inappropriate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is a factor in many human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic damage, autoimmune disorders and many types of cancer. Apoptosis is considered a vital component of various processes including normal cell turnover, proper development and functioning of the immune system, hormone-dependent atrophy, embryonic development and chemical-induced cell death.
He’s the guy I know I should stay away from.The process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms. She’s the first thing I’ve ever wanted more than hockey. He’s not only hot but he’s arrogant and kinda sweet in a 'you make me crazy' kind of way.īasically now that he’s finished screwing up his life, he’s decided to turn mine upside down. I wasn’t prepared for this particular bad boy. He wanted me to be his chaperone, his overpaid babysitter. When my father gave me a job, I had no idea it would be to babysit some washed up NHL player. All I had to do was prove I learned from my mistakes, so no way would I fall for a chick with a pouty mouth even if I wanted to spend all day devouring it. A knock on the door brought an opportunity I couldn’t turn down. At twenty-three I was cut from the team and living back home with my parents. Drafted first round pick when I was seventeen, playing first line at eighteen, branded NHL's bad boy at nineteen.
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